Gravimetry

This is a Work in Progress

Gravimetry

=What is Gravimetry?=

A quote from the Enhanced Geothermal Innovative Network for Europe (Arch) explains:

From Gravity surveying: a brief introduction (Arch) we read:

In The Gravity Method (Arch), its author Dr. Nicolas O. Mariita tells us:

=Seismometers are Gravimeters=

Comparitive Study
Comparative study of superconducting gravimeters and broadband seismometers STS-1/Z in seismic and subseismic frequency bands (Archive)

Diagram from p. 212:



The paper says that when comparing with Gravimeters to the Seismometers, the gravity spectra is nearly identical:

Further, seismometers are also able to detect the tides -- p.204, second paragraph:

It is mentioned that the "gravity tides" are found in the subseismic band:



A definition:

Is studying of subseismic activity a study of gravity?

Gravimeter Mode
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravimeter we read:

=Gravimeters are Seismometers=

This inventor describes gravimeters as follows:

http://www.njsas.org/projects/tidal_forces/magnetic_gravimeter/baker/

Another gravimeter = seismometer reference:

https://orkustofnun.is/gogn/unu-gtp-sc/UNU-GTP-SC-10-0405a.pdf on p.4

The author is Dr. Nicolas O. Mariita. Again, we see that the gravimeter is actually a seismometer.

Recall from above that the seismometer was detecting gravity tides on subseismic bands, which was described as:

Hence, the gravimeter is a low-frequency seismometer, like the seismometer above, taking data out of those low-frequencies.

From Geophysics From Terrestrial Time‐Variable Gravity Measurements we read:

Monitoring earthquakes with gravity meters

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674984715301920

Quote

Abstract: Seismic waves from a magnitude 8.3 earthquake in Japan were consistently recorded by five nearly identical gPhone gravity meters in Colorado. Good correlation was also found in the response of two different types of gravity meters and a standard seismometer in Walferdange, Luxembourg to an earthquake of magnitude 8.2 in Japan, indicating that all of them were capable of measuring the surface waves reliably. The gravity meters, however, recorded 11 separate arrivals of Raleigh waves, while the seismometer only one. Thus the gravity meters may be useful for obtaining new information in the study of seismic velocities, attenuation and dispersion.

The end two sentences of that abstract even implies that gravity meters may be better for measuring seismic elements.

"Gravity Anomalies" observed before earthquakes

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674984717300034

The mass of the earth changes before an earthquake? Quite the mystery, indeed.

Monitoring earthquakes with gravity meters

A comparison of Gravity Meters and Seismometers.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674984715301920

https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1674984715301920-gr9.jpg

Figure 9. Seismic records by a gPhone (blue) and a STS-2 seismometer

https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1674984715301920-gr10.jpg

Figure 10. A set of five-minute S-wave records with an STS-2 seismometer and a gPhone

https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1674984715301920-gr11.jpg

Figure 11. A set of five-minute records of background variation with an STS-2 seismometer and a gPhone

Funny how Gravity Meters and Seismometers agree like that.

- Seismometer and Gravimeter Results

Technical Assessment

-Noise

Latitude Corrections

Map Examples

Volcanoes

Fault Lines

Seismic Zones

Complete Bouguer Anomalies

https://www.leibniz-liag.de/en/research/methods/gravimetry-magnetics/bouguer-anomalies.html

Quote

This map shows the Bouguer anomalies over the whole of Germany and surrounding areas, in a detailed but still clear way.

...

The resulting gravity anomalies vary across the mapped area from -170 mGal in the Alps to +40 mGal around the gravity low in the Magdeburg area.

Low in the Alps of Germany.

He tells us about the Bouguer anomalies previously mentioned, and the volcanoes:

Quote

The most commonly used processed data are known as Bouguer gravity anomalies, measured in  mGal. The interpretation  of Bouguer gravity anomalies ranges from  just manually inspecting the grid or profiles for variations in the gravitational field to more complex methods that involves separating the gravity anomaly due to an  object  of  interest from some sort of regional gravity field. From this, bodies and structures can be inferred which may be of geothermal interest.

Volcanic centres, where geothermal activity is found, are indicators of cooling magma or hot rock beneath  these  areas as shown by the recent volcanic  flows, ashes, volcanic domes and abundant hydrothermal activities in the form fumaroles and  hot  springs. Gravity studies in volcanic areas have effectively demonstrated that this method provides good evidence of shallow subsurface density variations, associated  with the structural and magmatic  history of a volcano. There is a correlation between gravity highs with centres of recent volcanism, intensive faulting and geothermal activity. For example, in the Kenya rift, Olkaria, Domes and Suswa geothermal centres are located on the crest of a gravity high.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave

Quote

Primary waves

Primary waves (P-waves) are compressional waves that are longitudinal in nature. P waves are pressure waves that travel faster than other waves through the earth to arrive at seismograph stations first, hence the name "Primary". These waves can travel through any type of material, including fluids, and can travel nearly 1.7 times faster than the S waves. In air, they take the form of sound waves, hence they travel at the speed of sound. Typical speeds are 330 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in water and about 5000 m/s in granite.

The multiple levels of filtering, trending, analysis, interpreting, obfuscates the real mechanism.

Background Noise:

From http://microglacoste.com/gPhoneNoise/gPhoneSeismicNoise.pdf we read:

Quote

It is interesting to speculate on the precise origin of the background seismic noise. Haubrich et al ii for example, open their article with the following description of the seismic noise background and the large interest it has generated over the years as well as the intractability of its investigation:

" The low‐level background unrest of the earth, called microseisms or earth noise, has puzzled seismologists and other scientists for nearly a century. The problem of its nature and causes has proved particularly unyielding, not, however, for lack  of  investigation.  A  bibliography  covering  work up  to 1955  [Gutenberg  and  Andrews,  1956] iii lists  over  600  articles on  the  subject;  one  covering  the  years  from  1955  to  1964 [Hjortenberg,  1967] iv lists  566.  Unfortunately,  much  of  this work has advanced the subject but slightly. "