Cavendish Experiment

The Cavendish Experiment, performed in 1797–1798 by British scientist Henry Cavendish, was alleged to be the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory. The results of the experiment were used to determine the masses of the Earth and celestial bodies. The Cavendish Experiment is often held up as evidence for the universal attraction of mass, and as a proof for gravity. The experiment involves two spherical lead balls attached to a torsion balance, which is alleged to detect the faint gravitational attraction between the masses.

When institutions have reproduced this experiment with modern methods involving lasers and instruments of the highest precision, however, the detection of gravity has been fraught with difficulty, giving erratic results. Oddly, modern repetitions of the Cavendish Experiment tell us that the readings deviate over ten fold from their expected uncertainties when observed at different times.1, 2 It is admitted that the experiment is dominated by effects which are not gravity.3, 4

The use of this experiment as demonstration of the universal attraction of mass is further faulted at its premise. This experiment is a matter of observation and interpretation. In this experiment a slight attraction with the force equivalent of the weight of a few cells is observed 5 and conclusions are then made about the strength of gravity for the entire universe. Those observations are used to estimate the masses of the celestial bodies, rather than using the theory of gravity and the size of the earth to determine the amount of attraction which should have been seen in the experiment. It is assumed that the attraction seen must originate from the universal attraction of mass rather than any other cause which could cause attraction with the weight of a few cells at close range. Different values seen in the experiment would produce different conclusions for the masses of the earth and celestial bodies.

Gravity Not a Constant
Scientific American provides an assessment of a large number of Cavendish Experiments conducted by prestigious laboratories and institutions and explains that, unlike other fundamental forces in physics, gravity cannot be accurately measured.

Puzzling Measurement of "Big G" Gravitational Constant Ignites Debate - Scientific American (Archive)

Measuring the Very Faint
Physicist Jens Gundlach (bio) explains that gravity is very hard to measure and would require measuring the force equivalent of the weight of a few human cells on two one-kilogram masses that are one meter apart:

Gundlach explains that there are many effects that could overwhelm the gravitational effects. Static attraction, air viscosity, air particles, static drag, other forces, &c, can easily overcome such gravitational attraction.

Wildly Erratic
The article explains that the results are wildly erratic.

The values of these sophisticated laboratory experiments differ from one another by as much as 450 ppm of the gravitational constant. The uncertainty for measuring the gravity of the opposite mass with the equipment should be only about 40 ppm, yet the values observed are far more erratic—over ten times their estimated uncertainties.

Cannot Be Measured
The end sentence is plain in its understanding, admitting that they cannot measure gravity.

Forbes Article
From a Forbes piece titled Scientists Admit, Embarrassingly, We Don't Know How Strong The Force Of Gravity Is (Archive) by astrophysicist Ethan Siegel, Ph.D. (bio), we read the following about the issue:

We are told that, compared to other fundamental constants, the uncertainties with G are thousands to billions of times greater. We are also told that the strength of gravity for the celestial bodies across the universe are all reliant on this inconsistent experiment.

Historical Data
The article include a diagram showing that gravity differs widely between different experiments:



The author suggests that experiments with similar results were a result of selective bias:

AIP Review
AIP Review of Scientific Instruments Invited Review Article: Measurements of the Newtonian constant of gravitation, G

Futurism
From a Futurism Article Is the Gravitational Constant Really a Constant? by Astrophysicist Colin Robson (bio):

Physics World
Physics World provides a graphic, showing that the measurements often do not overlap and are spread out across a range of over ten times the estimated uncertainties:

https://physicsworld.com/a/the-lure-of-g/ (Archive.is)

Figure 1:



Terrance Quinn
Terence Quinn (bio) is a British physicist who spent many years studying gravity and was emeritus director of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.

Significant Errors
In a Scientific American article Quinn says the errors are significant:

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/puzzling-measurement-of-big-g-gravitational-constant-ignites-debate-slide-show/ (Archive)

Quinn is also quoted in the article as saying that "we should be able to measure gravity":

If Quinn is stating that we should be able to measure gravity, then this may implies that Quinn does not think that he measured gravity in his years of studying it in the laboratory.

Science of Meteorology
https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys3651?proof=t (Archive)

In the above quote we see a statement that the recommended range undermines their science in the metrology of small forces, showing that he is certainly not endorsing it. Quinn clearly suggests the recommended range is questionable.

Quinn also speaks about about the practical purpose for the such a measurement, in non-cavendish situations and measurements. He is correct that G is not needed for the Equivalence Principle tests. This is something else, showing that gravity does not depart in various situations from the concept that the Earth is accelerating upwards. The EP tests are highly and accurately verified.

New Physics
In an article The Newtonian constant of gravitation—a constant too difficult to measure?, a title which suggests that Quinn believes that Gravity has not been measured, he suggests that it could be that gravity isn't truly universal and that it mainly applies on astrophysical scales:

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2014.0253 (Archive)

Whether the science of metrology is misunderstood or the physics of gravity are different than envisioned, the result is the same: The Cavendish Experiment is not a demonstration of gravity.

Gravity 'Oscillates'
Due to the mysterious readings and problems, some are now calling gravity part of "Dark Energy."

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24180-strength-of-gravity-shifts-and-this-time-its-serious/ (Archive)

History
According to physicist George T. Gillies the difficulties in measuring G has been a recurring theme in the study of gravity.

The Newtonian gravitational constant: recent measurements and related studies (1996) (Archive) George T. Gillies

Abstract:

Concluding Remarks - p.212

The Newtonian Gravitational Constant: An Index of Measurements (1983) (Archive) George T. Gillies

Introduction - p.1

Addendum
As suggested by the references above; until physics is able to isolate the gravitational interaction between laboratory masses to the point where other disturbing forces do not dominate the measurement, the Cavendish Experiment should be regarded for what it is: An inconsistent experiment which is admittedly disturbed and dominated by unknown or unmitigated effects, and which might or might not include "gravity" in the results seen.

A found attraction somewhere around the force equivalent of the weight of a few cells is considered by popular thought to be an impeachable proof for gravity and the universal attraction of mass. Accordingly, anything which seems to support it does support it, no matter how imprecise, no matter how many other effects may be dominating the results of the experiment, and the absurdity of equivocating the detection of such a slight effect to one cause above any other possibility in nature is put out of the mind and ignored entirely. It is through such inherent fallacy that one hypothesis is built upon another. Deductions and conclusions are given, but the foundations remain essentially undemonstrated. It is deemed sufficient to observe and interpret rather than to prove and demonstrate.

A Small Effect
One attempted justification of the issues with the Cavendish Experiment is to point out that the deviation in the experiment is "small". Specifically, the Forbes article above references discrepancies on a 0.15% level.

It is argued that this 0.15% deviation is small, and so the problems with the Cavendish Experiment should be ignored on that basis.

However, this argument is insufficient. The range of deviations dominates the result. As these "small" effects dominate the still smaller effect of gravity, it is still questionable whether the experiment is measuring gravity. Futurism compares the situation to an analogy of trying to measure the weight of a feather on a crude pair of scales in a slight breeze. This "small" effect from the slight breeze dominates the smaller effect of the feather's weight. Under such a situation if the view of the feather was obscured from observers, and only the readings on the scale were seen, varying because of the breeze, it would be reasonable to question whether the feather was there at all. Likewise, any situation which dominates the effect of gravity must necessarily call the existence of gravity into question.

A dominating noise invalidates the detection of a smaller effect. The range of results is over ten fold the determined uncertainties of the equipment. One cannot merely assume that the experiment is detecting a number of admittedly stronger effects to cause the inconsistent results, but maintain that "gravity is in there somewhere."

A Statistical Approach
Another common approach to justifying the results of the Cavendish Experiment is to assert that we need only find the closest mean, median, or mode of the results, and to declare that this is the value of 'gravity'. Yet, minimal introspection on this approach will show that finding a statistical average value of the effects which are dominating the experiment would tell us only what the average is for the dominating effects, and not about 'gravity'.

Proof by Contradiction
As a proof by contradiction, similar experiments which have attempted measure gravity at larger scales than the shorter ranges of the Cavendish Experiment have been unable to detect gravitational influence. There is a reason for why the Cavendish Experiment is cited as one of the very few proofs of gravity. It is typically neglected mention in the classroom that a great amount of effort has gone into searching for gravitational variations from either the earth or external bodies, with negative results. See: Variations in Gravity