Ring Laser Gyroscope - Seismology

The Ring Laser Gyroscope is a type of gyroscope that is based on laser beams which move around a cavity. The principle of operation of a RLG is based on the Sagnac Effect, which was famed for showing that light changes velocity on a rotating platform. The changing velocity of light as seen in the Ring Laser Gyroscope and Sagnac Experiments is said to be contrary to the consistency of light as proposed by Special Relativity (See the Sagnac Experiment).

Some have alleged that Ring Laser Gyroscopes have detected the rotation of the earth. When assessing these claims, it is found that modern Ring Laser Gyroscopes are very sensitive devices which are often double-purposed as seismometers.[1] Researchers have used these sensitive devices to detect patterns in the background microseismic noise, where certain features are interpreted to be caused by the earth's rotation. The feature of the background noise assumed to be an effect of the earth's rotation is called the "Earth line," and is admitted to be of unknown origin and cause.[2]

Researchers have published information pertaining to the detection of microseismic noises and resonances due to the assumed rotation of the earth, and from this it appears that some have erroneously misinterpreted these works as a direct observation of 15 degrees per hour beneath the device. Regardless of the popular assumption of directly observed self-rotation, assessing such works in their entirety, directly form the source creators, suggests that no such claim is made at all.

GINGERrino
The GINGERino is an often discussed device which comes up in searches for ring laser observations of the Earth's rotation. It is a large underground ring laser device used for research. Descriptions of this device tell that its purpose is to detect "underground rotational seismic disturbances" -

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1342/1/012084/pdf (Archive)

GINGERINO is a "rotational seismic observetory":

https://publishing.aip.org/publications/latest-content/going-deep-to-measure-earth-s-rotational-effects/ (Archive)

The device functions as a specialty horizontal seismograph which observes the rotation of seismic waves, with the assumption that it is the Earth's rotation which causes the rotation observed.

See this Physics World article Ring laser reveals subtle seismic motion (Archive) -

Foucault Pendulum Analogy
Indeed, other sources tell us that the seismic waves rotate. When we observe rotating seismic waves the situation is like when observing a Foucault Pendulum. When observing a Foucault Pendulum the observer observes his or herself as stationary, while the pendulum moves around its pit, which is allegedly caused by the rotation of the Earth.

From the Geophysical Research Letters paper Seismic shear waves as Foucault pendulum (Archive) we read:

Fiber Optic Gyroscope
As described above, in the field of rotational seismology the devices are detecting the rotational motion of seismic waves, like a stationary observer observing the rotational movement of a Foucault Pendulum and calling it the rotation of the earth. In the following paper on rotational seismology this Fiber Optic Gyroscope sees the rotation of the waves expressed in o/hour on the left y-axis, with the general output from the device looking much like the output from a seismometer: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346349655_Sensitivity_enhancement_through_RIN_suppression_in_dual-polarization_fiber_optic_gyroscopes_for_rotational_seismology



Research Ring Laser Gyroscopes are Seismometers
Very sensitive Ring Laser Gyroscopes are often used for research purposes in the study of seismometry. Some research gyroscopes are attached to underground cave walls and cannot be rotated at all. A search of Google Scholar brings up many papers on the matter. From the first three title results of the search term "ring laser gyroscope"+"seismic" we see:


 * "Ring laser gyroscopes as rotation sensors for seismic wave studies"
 * "Ring laser detection of rotations from teleseismic waves"
 * "Sideband analysis and seismic detection in a large ring laser"

It is seen that Ring Laser Gyroscopes are used in seismic studies. It is from such studies that the rotation of the earth appears, manifested as the "Earth line," as well as the seismic components near the Earth line which are concluded to be rotational due to appearing near it. The popular misconceptions of the Ring Laser Gyroscope directly observing the rotation of the earth originate from these studies of noise and resonance which sometime speak of seeing the earth's rotation.

The Earth Line
Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology By David Titterton, John L. Weston, John Weston

From Chapter 15.6 (Archive) on p.497, which discusses the large laser ring gyroscope at the University of Canterbury, we see that the rotation of the earth is seen with "the Earth line":

Analysis of the Earth line is used to monitor seismic events. On p.498 we read that the Earth line is around the 0.2-1Hz region:

We also read that seismic events around that region is assumed to indicate the presence of rotational components associated with seismic events. The researcher and others are making the conclusion that seismic events near the line must be rotational components because they are near the earth line that is assumed to be related to the rotation of the earth.

Oscillation in the Gain Medium
In Ring Laser Dynamics (Archive) by B Tom King it is admitted that the nature of the 'Earth line' is unknown and unverified. From p.152 we read:

We are told that the nature of the Earth line is unknown and that the signal may be traced back to some oscillation in the gain medium. The reader should ponder how it could be possible for an observed rotation rate of 15 degrees per hour beneath a device could really be an "oscillation in the gain medium."

This statement appears to affirm that that the matter is actually a measurement of anthropogenic and microseismic noises, and not a direct measurement of rotation beneath the device as some have alleged. The researchers in such papers do not appear to be asserting that claim themselves.

Calculation Agreement
The author of the above paper goes on to deduce that because the earth induced line agrees with an equation, it is assumed that the rate is indeed from the earth.

"Excellent agreement" with an equation which was likely made to match observation, after the fact, and after the invention of the device.

On p.152, where the paper discusses the theory of the equations, it is shown that the rotation rate of the earth involves the length of day, a period of 86164s, is applied as an input into the interpretation. The process is using a predefined period to assess a daily variation or feature of the noise to get a "rotation rate". This would be opposed to a process of finding the rotation rate from the raw data.



The "rotation rate of the earth" is found when one uses a period of 86164 seconds as the Sidereal Day.

It should be further noted that the 'Sidereal Day' happens to be the time it takes for the stars to return to their spots above the earth, and which also exists in Flat Earth Theory.

Applied Optics
On p.2520 of paper titled Design and Operation of a Very Large Ring Laser Gyroscope from Vol.38, No.12 of Applied Optics we find another equation which predicts the frequency of 287. 75 ± 0.46 Hz.



We see that in this equation that the earth's rotation is an input variable into the equation, not an output variable.

Under the Flat Earth Theory the Sidereal Day is the general time it takes for celestial bodies to return to their positions over the earth. The Latitude is the distance from the poles or from the equator. These input values which are used to estimate a frequency are not Round Earth specific and are elements which also exist in FET.

Although the results of only one location is given, using such elements to create a prediction may indeed be possible.

Resonant Frequency
From the Ring Laser Dynamics (Archive) paper we find an illustration of the Earth Line on p.153:



Compare the above to a diagram and units used to depict the resonant frequency of rotating gears:

Vibration Analysis of Rotating Machinery (Archive) MathWorks example

Visualize the Power Spectra for Time-Synchronous Averaged Signals



The detector device in the above example is not spinning around on the outer edges of the gears, but is listening to the vibrations. It is listening to something oscillate.

Frequency Response Function
See also the Frequency Response Function (Archive):



Seismic 0.2-1 Hz Region
From the paper Ring Laser Dynamics (Archive) we had seen the following quote about the Earth line:

Seismometer devices which are not Ring Laser Gyroscopes also see a prominent peak at the 0.2-1 Hz region. Look at Fig. 5 from a compound pendulum which functions as a horizontal seismometer/tiltmeter (Archive):



The author calls the noise in the background microseisms and earth hum:

Then, from the Wikipedia page on Seismic Noise we find:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_noise (Archive)

Causes

This page seems to say that the peak in seismometers between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz is caused by the ocean.

Fluctuating Earth Rotation Rate
Curiously, the 'rotation rate' of the earth can fluctuate over time. From p.2 of High-Accuracy Ring Laser Gyroscopes: Earth Rotation Rate and Relativistic Effects (Archive) we see:



Notice that the left hand axis is in micro hertz (μHz), a term which is often used in low frequency seismology studies and natural resonances of bodies. In seismology the Earth's Natural Frequency, for example, is measured in micro hertz.

https://www.vibrationdata.com/earthquakeindex.htm (Archive)

Hence, we find yet another piece of evidence that the earth's supposed rotation in the Ring Laser Gyroscope is connected to seismic analysis.

Leapsecond.com
According to leapsecond.com the nominal frequency of Earth's rotation is 11.5 µHz, and can also be detected optically:

http://www.leapsecond.com/museum/earth/

Seismic Wave Propagation
Q: If the Ring Laser Gyroscope is assessing seismic noise and others have misinterpreted the claims, how is it that Ring Laser Gyroscopes on airplanes can see the rotation of the earth? How can seismic activity reach the airplane? A. Not all types and sizes of Ring Laser Gyros claim to be capable of observing the "rotation of the earth," which we have read above is indirect. It is unclear whether those types of RLGs in airplane guidance systems claim to be able to detect the earth's rotation.

However, seismic and anthropomorphic noise can indeed propagate through the air, and does not necessarily only originate from within the earth. Other possible sources for the noise are the daily changes or activity of the atmosphere or influence from the celestial bodies upon the atmosphere (i.e. heat from the sun). In the atmosphere seismic waves take the form of sound waves.

Some information on seismic propagation is provided below.

Background Seismic Noise
From http://microglacoste.com/gPhoneNoise/gPhoneSeismicNoise.pdf (Archive) we read:

Airborne Transmission
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave (Archive)

https://amp.livescience.com/24209-earthquakes-infrasound.html (Archive)

Addendum
We see that the researchers are speaking of seismic and vibration analysis terms in relation to the rotation of the earth. While it may be that the device is detecting an oscillation in the background, perhaps even an oscillation with a period of a sidereal day, it does not follow that the device is on the element that is oscillating.

Proponents of Earth's rotation are encouraged to provide an equal or greater amount of evidence, from the direct quoted words of the researchers who study the rotation of the earth with it, to demonstrate their idea of what is occurring, and what they believe is meant by detection of the "earth's rotation" in various papers and articles. This should certainly be possible if it were true. A rebuttal without direct quotes are insufficient on this matter. The interpretation is arguably ambiguous and such discussions on this topic tend to come to an end with a request of further evidence regarding the claims made about the Ring Laser Gyroscope.