User:Tom Bishop

=Works in Progress=

Below are works in progress. The content may change significantly or be rearranged.

Sinking Ship Effect

 * Sinking Ship Effect Caused By Limits To Optical Resolution
 * Sinking Ship Effect Caused By Refraction

Mainstream Astronomy

 * NOAA Solar Calculator
 * Celestial Mechanics Cannot Predict The Solar System


 * Problems of the Galaxies
 * Problems of the Solar System
 * Astronomical Prediction Based on Patterns

The Sun

 * Notes on The Sun
 * The Equinox

Topics Related to Relativity

 * Michelson-Morley Experiment
 * Fizeau Experiment
 * Precession of Mercury's Orbit
 * Deflection of Light by the Sun

Other

 * The Coriolis Effect
 * Coriolis Effect (Weather)
 * Cavendish Experiment
 * Evidence for Universal Acceleration

Astronomical Nutation
Nutation Unexplained

https://books.google.com/books?id=NsIKAAAAIAAJ&dq=astronomy%20%22unexplained%22&pg=PA260#v=onepage&q&f=false

=Notes=

Ballistic Missiles
Papers showing that missiles were designed to assume a Flat Earth:

Internal Guidance of Ballistic Missiles (1971) http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/722291.pdf

Videos:

NAVY Missile Instructor says that no earth curvature or rotation is assumed

Sagnac Experiment
https://cds.cern.ch/record/492804/files/0103091.pdf

History
https://books.google.com/books?id=lbPN34fg760C&lpg=SA5-PA69&ots=o7Dx-iQUw1&dq=Mathematical%20Thought%20from%20Ancient%20to%20Modern%20Times%20%22epicycle%22&pg=SA5-PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false

Gravitational Redshift
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.09253.pdf

=Navigation=

Sleddog Speeds
https://books.google.com/books?id=tX8uKopy_XUC&lpg=PA117&ots=kFEHou90dT&dq=Alaskan%20%E2%80%9CIditarod%E2%80%9D%20race%20of%201047%20miles%20from%20Anchorage%20to%20Nome%2075%20miles%20per%20day&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q&f=false

txt: http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12198311400/print

Latitude Origin
https://books.google.com/books?id=lW8DYSPa6fEC&lpg=PP1&dq=longitude%20discrepancy&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://i.imgur.com/WOAF25a.png

Nullschool Map
https://web.archive.org/web/20170731230036/https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/wind/surface/level/azimuthal_equidistant=8.36,3.57,136

Jet Streams
https://books.google.com/books?id=vsodESrwdm4C&lpg=PA183&dq=%22jet%20streams%22%20%22southern%20hemisphere%22%20%22miles%20per%20hour%22&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=50%20miles%20per%20hour&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=vsodESrwdm4C&lpg=PA183&dq=%22jet%20streams%22%20%22southern%20hemisphere%22%20%22miles%20per%20hour%22&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q=50%20miles%20per%20hour&f=false

https://i.imgur.com/d0NUCyD.png

Jet Streams Enable Faster Than Sound Flight
https://www.wired.com/story/norwegian-air-transatlantic-speed-record/

Jeran Video - Jet Streams SH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaDw-6sslrc

Trade Winds and South Pacific Gyre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_winds

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_winds#/media/File:Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png

South Pacific Gyre

http://thejunkwave.com/what-is-a-gyre/

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/South_Pacific_Gyre.png

Another illustration: https://books.google.com/books?id=bOg0EqqrDRgC&lpg=PA133&dq=%22jet%20streams%22%20%22southern%20hemisphere%22&pg=PA153#v=onepage&q=%22jet%20streams%22%20%22southern%20hemisphere%22&f=false

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20151009-where-is-the-windiest-place-on-earth

Flights over the Southern Oceans
http://www.antarctica.gov.au/magazine/2001-2005/issue-4-spring-2002/feature2/what-is-the-southern-ocean

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20151009-where-is-the-windiest-place-on-earth

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2003JD004179

Listed Flight Times Skewed
http://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-tips/airlines-airports/why-flights-take-longer

A study which says they are skewing flight times:

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/Are-airlines-exaggerating-flight-times-so-theyre-never-late/

WGS 1984
https://www.gpsworld.com/data-collection-of-wgs-84-information-or-is-it/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Plane_Coordinate_System

[https://gis.utah.gov/nad83-and-webmercator-projections/ The Earth is Not Round! Utah, NAD83 and WebMercator Projections]

Background to NAS83

https://gisgeography.com/geodetic-datums-nad27-nad83-wgs84/

Datum definition:

https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~frazier/RSpatialGuides/OverviewCoordinateReferenceSystems.pdf

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog862/book/export/html/1669

"Originally, the difference between WGS84 as originally rolled out in 1987 and NAD83 as first introduced in 1986 coordinates was so small that transformation was unnecessary. That is no longer the case when it comes to NAD83 (2011) and WGS84 (G1674) the difference can be up to 1 or 2 meters."

Truth Tokens -Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) conformal projection

https://web.archive.org/web/20181115035011/http://truthtokens.com/map/?upm_export=print

https://forums.autodesk.com/t5/civil-3d-forum/coordinates-system/td-p/3179510

Hi All,

I think my question is for people who are living in WA, or someone know much about US coordinate systems: What is World Geodetic System of 1984 and how's difference between it and NAD83 Washtington state planes?

Thank you,

Re: Coordinates System WGS-84 is a coordinate system designed for world-wide navigation. It takes into account the spherical nature of the planet. The coordinates are given in deg-min-sec format, common with polar coordinates, for latitude and longitude.

The Washington state plane system is a square coordinate system specific for the state of Washington. It supposes a flat plane across the face of the state. Northing and Easting are given in feet, based on straight line-of-sight distance.

Transformations Between NAD83 and WGS84

https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS/Articles/WGS84NAD83.pdf

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog862/book/export/html/1644

"Welcome to Lesson Six of this GPS course. And this time, we'll be talking about two coordinate systems. And I have a little bit of discussion concerning heights. We've touched on that a little bit. Now these coordinate systems that we're going to discuss are plane coordinate systems based upon the fiction that the earth is flat, which, of course, immediately introduces distortion. However, much of GIS work—and GPS work as well—is done based upon this presumption."

https://www.pobonline.com/articles/86585-geodetic-surveying-made-plain

A decade or two ago, I was the instructor for some introductory surveying courses at a community college. In the first class we would define “plane surveying” as surveying that did not take into consideration the curvature of earth, and “geodetic surveying” as that which did. That was about the only time the two categories received anywhere near equal attention. Oh, we would point out (still in that first lecture) some of the real-world evidence of a non-flat earth, such as the fact that the length of an 11.5-mile arc on the earth's surface is only five hundredths of a foot longer than its subtended chord, or that the sum of the angles in a spherical triangle on the earth’s surface having an area of 75 square miles is only one second greater than the angle sum of the same size plane triangle. (Even today I get a kick out of those dramatic tidbits. I’m sure a real geodesist would roll his or her eyes at such trivia!) But those examples were used as reasons for not focusing—no, for not mentioning—geodetic concepts for the rest of the semester. We would end the ten-minute token nod to geodetic surveying with the tongue-in-cheek remark, “Therefore, for this class, we will respect the time-honored principle handed down through the ages—that the earth is flat.” And, truth be known, that’s probably not a bad narrowing of a dauntingly broad subject.

But more than narrowing, it was simply that few rank-and-file surveyors in private practice ever had occasion to use geodetic concepts in their daily work. Even when we dutifully enrolled in the occasional State Plane Coordinate seminar, the principles quickly faded from memory from lack of use. If a surveyor from the general population had ever even heard of the geoid and its relationship to the ellipsoid, and where mean sea level fit into the picture, hearing about it was as far it went.