View source for Variations in Gravity (Celestial)

The Equivalence Principle tests are incredibly reliable precision machines which are used to measure the Equivalence Principal to increasing sensitivity. Experimenters have redesigned the Equivalence Principle's Torsion Balance tests to try and detect the gravity variations caused by the sun, moon, and the tidal forces. It was found that the gravitational influence of the sun, moon, or the tidal forces could not be measured as manifest of the attraction of the bodies in the experiments. Variations to "gravity" did not appear.

==Princeton Experiment==

From 'The Pendulum Paradigm: Variations on a Theme and the Measure of Heaven and Earth', by Professor Martin Beech, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qumVBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA176&ots=7zlmtFg8WI&pg=PA176#v=onepage&q&f=false we read the following] on p.176:

[[File:Torsion-equivelence.png|800]]

Essentially, the experiment is summarized as follows:

{{cite|In the Princeton experiment the balance arm was oriented in a North-South direction (figure 4.13), and '''the idea was to see if a difference in the Sun's gravitational influence on the suspended masses could be detected'''. Specifically, as the Earth spins on its axis and difference between '''the Sun's gravitational interaction with the two masses will result in a 24 hour modulation''' or oscillation, in the orientation of the balance arm as seen in the laboratory. '''The Princeton group found no modulation''' of the torsion balance, and concluded that the Sun's gravitational acceleration on identical aluminum and gold masses was the same to one part in one hundred billion.}}

The masses were not attracted to the sun in the experiment, to an accuracy of one part in one hundred billion.

==Moscow State University Experiment==

The experiment was repeated and improved by researchers at Moscow State University:

'''Verification of the Equivalence of Inertial and Gravitational Mass'''<br>
V. B. Branginsky and V. I. Panov<br>
[http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_034_03_0463.pdf Full Text Link] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20190115061724/http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_034_03_0463.pdf Archive])

{{cite|During the period 1959-1964 the principle of equivalence was again tested by Dicke, Krotkov, and Roll. [2] A hypothetical difference between the accelerations of two bodies, made of gold and aluminum, respectively, in the gravitational field of the sun was measured. From measurements conducted during many months it was concluded that the ratio of the inertial and gravitational masses for these two bodies does not differ by more than 3 x 10<sup>-11</sup> with 95% confidence.[2] An analysis of the experimental work in [2] shows that it is possible, in principle, to considerably improve the resolution by using a mechanical oscillatory system having a long relaxation time.[3] We shall here describe an experiment intended as a new test of the principle of equivalence.

1. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE

We retained the experimental scheme of Dicke, Krotkov, and Roll. [2] A torsion balance falling together with the earth in the gravitational field of the sun should be acted upon by a torsional mechanical moment that is proportional to a hypothetical difference between the accelerations of the materials comprising the balance (if the principle of equivalence is not fulfilled). Because of the earth's rotation this moment should vary sinusoidally with a 24-hour period (Fig. 1).}}

==Repetitions==

Additional experiments of this class [http://202.38.64.11/~jmy/documents/publications/equivalence%20principle.htm are described] ([http://archive.fo/RI0ld Archive]). The two experiments experiment in this list is the Princeton and Moscow State experiments above:

{| class="wikitable"
! Authors
! Year
! Description
! Accuracy
|-
| Roll, Krotkov and Dicke
| 1964
| Torsion balance experiment, dropping aluminum and gold test masses
| difference is less than one part in one hundred billion
|-
| Branginsky and Panov
| 1971
| Torsion balance, aluminum and platinum test masses, measuring acceleration towards the sun
| difference is less than 1 part in a trillion (most accurate to date)
|-
| Eöt-Wash
| 1987–
| Torsion balance, measuring acceleration of different masses towards the earth, sun and galactic center, using several different kinds of masses
| difference is less than a few parts in a trillion
|}

The Eöt-Wash experiments were repeated by others:

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-experiment/app4.html ([http://archive.fo/gjFJS Archive])

{{cite|The torsion-balance experiments of Eöt-Wash were repeated by others including (Cowsik et al. 1988; Fitch, Isaila and Palmer 1988; Adelberger 1989; Bennett 1989; Newman, Graham and Nelson 1989; Stubbs et al. 1989; Cowsik et al. 1990; Nelson, Graham and Newman 1990). '''These repetitions, in different locations and using different substances, gave consistently negative results.'''}}

==Equivalence Principle Violation==

An [https://www.npl.washington.edu/eotwash/sites/sand.npl.washington.edu.eotwash/files/documents/publications/schlamminger_AAPT07.pdf Eöt-Wash presentation explains] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20190114182230/https://www.npl.washington.edu/eotwash/sites/sand.npl.washington.edu.eotwash/files/documents/publications/schlamminger_AAPT07.pdf Archive]) that the influence of an external source mass on these type of experiments would be a violation of the Equivalence Principle (EP).

[[File:Eot-wash-experiment.png|600px]]

The Equivalence Principle has never been violated. See [https://wiki.tfes.org/Evidence_for_Universal_Acceleration#University_of_Washington_Slideshow Evidence for the Universal Accelerator].

==Eöt-Wash Hill Experiments==

From [https://books.google.com/books?id=_RN-v31rXuIC&lpg=PA70&ots=eEYQg9MqLO&dq=eot%20wash%20hill%20experiment&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false No Easy Answers: Science and the Pursuit of Knowledge] by Allan Franklin, on p.70 we read a summary of the Eöt-Wash hillside experiments with the rotating torsion balance:

{{cite|The Eöt-Wash experiment used a torsion pendulum located on the side of a hill on the University of Washington campus. If the hill attracted the copper and beryllium test bodies that were used in the apparatus differently, then the torsion balance would experience a net torque. '''None was observed'''.}}

[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ke32COxghksC&lpg=PA446&ots=dYem2HX5qf&dq=eot%20wash%20hill%20experiment&pg=PA445#v=onepage&q&f=false Study Link]

==History of the Torsion Balance==

The history of the Torsion Balance experiments began in 1889, with Barron Rosland von Eötvös' attempt to detect the [https://wiki.tfes.org/The_Coriolis_Effect Coriolis force.]

'''Foundations of Modern Cosmology'''<br>
By [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Hawley Professor John F. Hawley], and Katherine A. Holcomb

From [https://books.google.com/books?id=s5MUDAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA219&ots=W9HMFR84Lu&pg=PA219#v=onepage&q&f=false p.219 of the above text] we read:

{{cite|The first highly accurate experiment to test the equivalence principle was performed in 1889 by Barron Rosland von Eötvös. Eötvös constructed a device called a torsion balance. He suspended two bodies of nearly equal mass but different composition, from a beam which hung from a very fine wire precisely at its center. If the magnitudes of the Coriolis force (from the Earth's rotation) and the gravitational force had differed between the bodies due to their differing composition, Eötvös would have been able to detect a twisting of the wire. '''None was seen''', and Eötvös was able to conclude that inertial and gravitational mass was equal, to approximately one part in 10^9. In the 20th century, Robert Dicke and others pushed the limit of such an experiment to 10^11, but the Baron's results were sufficient to convince many, including Einstein, that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equivalent.}}

==Addendum==

The reader should note that the principle of equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass even stretches to the point where the earth only appears to be accelerating upwards, and the gravity of other celestial bodies does not appear to exist at all; exactly as is described in the popular analogies of a rocket traveling upwards at 1g in space far away from gravitating bodies.

==See Also==

:* [[Universal Acceleration]]
:* [[Evidence for Universal Acceleration]]
:* [[Gravimetry]]
:* The [[Cavendish Experiment]]