Difference between revisions of "Variations in Gravity"

Latest revision as of 17:23, 15 October 2022

The Variations in Gravity are the supposed variations to gravity due to either the variations in strength of the gravitational field of the earth or due to the presence of masses such as hills or celestial bodies. It is often stated that the strength of gravity decreases with altitude or that the gravity of the Sun and Moon pulls upon the earth's surface. However, the experiments either do not show variation or the few effects suggesting variations are questionable, contradicted, and may be attributed to other causes.

Celestial Tests

It is alleged that the Sun and Moon exerts a gravitational pull upon the earth. Very sensitive torsion balance experiments have been conducted over a period of 24 hours, showing that experiments are not affected by external sources as to cause a violation of the equivalence principle. External gravity sources, such as from the Sun, are unable be felt.

Torsion Balance Tests - Celestial Variations in G - The gravitational effects from the Sun are unable to be detected in laboratory experiments

Altitude Tests

It has been found in experiments on various ranges that "gravity" does not deviate from the Universality of Free Fall or the Equivalence Principle. The Equivalence Principle is a principle of nature which says that 'gravity' behaves as if the experiment were conducted on an Earth or in a container which was accelerating upwards. Supposedly only a 'local' concept, experimenters have tested this concept at various scales without violation of this principle.

Gravitational Time Dilation - Time dilates in accordance with the uniform prediction of the Equivalence Principal to various heights

Latitude Tests

It is alleged that gravity varies by latitude due to a combination of the effects of the rotation of the earth and the bulging mass at the equator. Experiments performed with scales exposed to the atmosphere have shown that weight increases by a fraction of one percent near the polar areas, as compared to areas near the warmer equator. However, weight is also affected by factors outside of 'gravity'. It is also related to a buoyancy related to pressure, humidity, air viscosity, temperature, etc, which exist differently in different locations, and which may contribute in complex ways to the readings of the scale.

Weight Variation by Latitude - Variations in weight by latitude appear in an uncontrolled scale experiment

In contradiction to this, experiments conducted with sensitive clocks at different latitudes show that the expected time dilation due to velocity does not occur in response to the different latitudinal velocities of the earth.

Time Dilation by Latitude - The predicted time dilation caused by Earth's rotation does not occur

Landmass Tests

The theory of the universal gravitation of mass leads to the expectation that the mountain ranges should produce a larger gravitational pull than the plains, owing to the greater bulk mass in the area. However, gravity measurements show that the mountains are associated with negative gravity anomalies.

Isostasy - The mass attraction of mountains and continents does not behave in accordance with 'gravity'

Gravimeters

Mainstream materials on the gravimeter device used to study the Earth's gravity show that it is not studying gravity directly. The device is described as studying density variations in the subseismic band assumed to be caused to gravity, where phenomena such as the tides are observed. Gravimeters can be double purposed as seismometers, seismometers can be double purposed as gravimeters, and the gravity anomalies are associated with the seismic zones.

Gravimetry - Gravimeters are described to be seismometers by mainstream sources

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-==Short Range Variations in G==
+The '''Variations in Gravity''' are the supposed variations to gravity due to either the variations in strength of the gravitational field of the earth or due to the presence of masses such as hills or celestial bodies. It is often stated that the strength of gravity decreases with altitude or that the gravity of the Sun and Moon pulls upon the earth's surface. However, the experiments either do not show variation or the few effects suggesting variations are questionable, contradicted, and may be attributed to other causes.
-==Medium Range Variations in G==
+==Celestial Tests==
-===Eöt-Wash Hill Experiments===
+It is alleged that the Sun and Moon exerts a gravitational pull upon the earth. Very sensitive torsion balance experiments have been conducted over a period of 24 hours, showing that experiments are not affected by external sources as to cause a violation of the equivalence principle. External gravity sources, such as from the Sun, are unable be felt.
-From [https://books.google.com/books?id=_RN-v31rXuIC&lpg=PA70&ots=eEYQg9MqLO&dq=eot%20wash%20hill%20experiment&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false No Easy Answers: Science and the Pursuit of Knowledge] by Allan Franklin, on p.70 we read a summary of the Eöt-Wash hillside experiments with the rotating torsion balance:
+*'''[https://wiki.tfes.org/Torsion_Balance_Tests#Celestial_Variations_in_G Torsion Balance Tests - Celestial Variations in G]''' - The gravitational effects from the Sun are unable to be detected in laboratory experiments
-{{cite|The Eöt-Wash experiment used a torsion pendulum located on the side of a hill on the University of Washington campus. If the hill attracted the copper and beryllium test bodies that were used in the apparatus differently, then the torsion balance would experience a net torque. '''None was observed'''.}}
+See Also:
-An [https://www.npl.washington.edu/eotwash/sites/sand.npl.washington.edu.eotwash/files/documents/publications/schlamminger_AAPT07.pdf Eöt-Wash presentation explains] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20190114182230/https://www.npl.washington.edu/eotwash/sites/sand.npl.washington.edu.eotwash/files/documents/publications/schlamminger_AAPT07.pdf Archive]) that the influence of an external source mass on these type of experiments would be a violation of the Equivalence Principle (EP).
+*'''[[Tides]]''' - The workings of the tides appear unrelated to the the Moon
-[[File:Eot-wash-experiment.png|600px]]
+==Altitude Tests==
-==Long Range Variations in G==
+It has been found in experiments on various ranges that "gravity" does not deviate from the Universality of Free Fall or the Equivalence Principle. The Equivalence Principle is a principle of nature which says that 'gravity' behaves as if the experiment were conducted on an Earth or in a container which was accelerating upwards. Supposedly only a 'local' concept, experimenters have tested this concept at various scales without violation of this principle.
-===Universality of Free Fall===
+*'''[[Gravitational Time Dilation]]''' - Time dilates in accordance with the uniform prediction of the Equivalence Principal to various heights
-'''The Newtonian gravitational constant: recent measurements and related studies'''<br>
+==Latitude Tests==
-By George T Gillies
-https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/60/2/001/pdf
+It is alleged that gravity varies by latitude due to a combination of the effects of the rotation of the earth and the bulging mass at the equator. Experiments performed with scales exposed to the atmosphere have shown that weight increases by a fraction of one percent near the polar areas, as compared to areas near the warmer equator. However, ''weight'' is also affected by factors outside of 'gravity'. It is also related to a buoyancy related to pressure, humidity, air viscosity, temperature, etc, which exist differently in different locations, and which may contribute in complex ways to the readings of the scale.
-p.200
+*'''[[Weight Variation by Latitude]]''' - Variations in weight by latitude appear in an uncontrolled scale experiment
-'''5.  Searches for variations in G<br>
+In contradiction to this, experiments conducted with sensitive clocks at different latitudes show that the expected time dilation due to velocity does not occur in response to the different latitudinal velocities of the earth.
-.1.  Spatial dependence of G'''
-{{cite|Searches for a change in G with intermass spacing have constituted a compelling quest in laboratory gravitation, especially during the past 25 years. The motivations for carrying out this  kind  of  study  were originally empirical, with the results of various benchtop experiments being interpreted in terms of either a value for or limit on some distance-dependent form of the gravitational constant (i.e. a G(r) effect), or in terms of a breakdown in the inverse square law (i.e. a modification to it of the form 1/r<sup>2+δ</sup>, where δ  is the departure parameter). Then, in the 1980s, observations that seemingly revealed evidence for non-Newtonian gravity at larger distance scales (Stacey et al 1987) fuelled much additional interest in this line of work. The contemporaneous suggestion by Fischbach et al (1986) that there may be previously undiscovered, weak, long-range forces in nature provided further impetus for investigating the composition- and distance-dependence of gravity, since the presence of any such effect might reveal the existence of a new force. During this time, a theoretical framework for admitting non-Newtonian effects into discussions of the experimental results was emerging. It led to the practice of using the laboratory data to set limits on the size of the strength-range parameters in a Yukawa term added onto the Newtonian potential, and this has become a standard method for intercomparing the  results  of this class of experiments. '''Even though convincing evidence in favour of such new weak forces was never found, the many resulting experiments, when viewed as tests of the universality  of  free-fall, did much to improve the experimental underpinnings of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) of general relativity. In fact, searches for departures from the inverse square behaviour of Newtonian gravity have now come to be interpreted as attempts to uncover violations of the WEP.'''}}
+*'''[[Time Dilation by Latitude]]''' - The predicted time dilation caused by Earth's rotation does not occur
-p.202
+==Landmass Tests==
-{{cite|Other recent experimental searches for a breakdown in Newtonian gravity at large distances include a second set of tower gravity measurements made by Romaides et al (1994). '''Their data, taken at five points over a nearly 500m vertical rise, reconfirmed the exactness of the inverse square law.''' A similar result over a vertical distance of approximately 320 m was obtained at a meteorological tower in China by Liu et al (1992).}}
+The theory of the universal gravitation of mass leads to the expectation that the mountain ranges should produce a larger gravitational pull than the plains, owing to the greater bulk mass in the area. However, gravity measurements show that the mountains are associated with ''negative'' gravity anomalies.
-==Celestial Variations in G==
+*'''[[Isostasy]]''' - The mass attraction of mountains and continents does not behave in accordance with 'gravity'
+===Gravimeters===
+Mainstream materials on the gravimeter device used to study the Earth's gravity show that it is not studying gravity directly. The device is described as studying density variations in the subseismic band assumed to be caused to gravity, where phenomena such as the tides are observed. Gravimeters can be double purposed as seismometers, seismometers can be double purposed as gravimeters, and the gravity anomalies are associated with the seismic zones.
+*'''[[Gravimetry]]''' - Gravimeters are described to be seismometers by mainstream sources<br><br>
+[[Category:General Physics]]
+[[Category:Gravity]]
+[[Category:Universal Acceleration]]